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Music Study Guide EssayMusic is an art based on the organization of sounds in time. also the universal language of man or something who knows Pitch is the relative highness or lowness that we hear in a soundTone is a sound that has a definite pitchInterval is the distance in a pitch between any two dance stepsTones argon separated by an interval called the octaveTones have a specific frequency in musicPitch be given is the distance between the lowest and highest tones that a function or instrument can produceRange of an untrained voice is between 1 and 2 octavesDynamics argon degrees of loudness or fuzziness in musicLoudness is related to the amplitude of the vibration that produces the soundAccent is an emphasis of a noteInstrument may be delimit as any mechanism that produces musical soundRegister is the part of the tonal range of an instrument or voicePizzicato- plucked string mental image stop- two notes at onceVibrato- rocking the left hand while pressing down with the ot her. Throbbing expressive tone that causes small pitch fluctuations that make the tone warmer Mute- a clamp that veils or muffles that toneTremolo- rapidly repeats tones by quick up-and-down strokes of the bow Harmonics- Very high pitched tones are produced when the participant gently touches certain points on a string Woodwinds have little holes along their length that are opened and closed by the fingers or pads controlled by a key mechanism Flutes and piccolos are played by blowing across the edge of a mouth hole Recorders are played by blowing through a whistle mouthpiece Single-reed woodwinds are played by fastening a reed over a hole in the mouthpiece that vibrates when the player blows over it (ex- clarinet, bass clarinet, saxophone)Double-reed woodwinds use two narrow pieces of cane that are held between the musicians lips (ex- English horn, contrabassoon, bassoon) Bass instruments are played by the musician blowing into a cup- or funnel-shaped mouthpiece (vibrations o f bass instruments come from their lips) Pitch of brass instrument is regulated by varying lip tension and by using slides and valvesMutes alter the tone color of bass instrumentsWhen a pianists finger strikes a key, a felt-covered hammer swings up against a string (greater the pull out on the key, more powerful the hammers blow, louder the tone produced) damp comes down on the string to stop the vibrations when the pianist lets go of the key Damper pedal is the most important pedal, allows a pianist to sustain tonesUna corda pedal, on the left, veils the soundSostenuto pedal, in the middle, allows the pianist to sustain some tones without sustaining others Harpsichord has strings that are plucked. Controlled by one or two keyboards. Pipe organ has many sets of pipes controlled by several keyboards, including a pedal keyboard played the organists feet Tape studio apartment was the main tool of composers of electronic music during the 1950s Synthesizers are systems of electronic c omponents that generate, modify, and control soundAnalog Synthesis is based on representing data in terms of measurable physical quantities Digital frequency modulation synthesis is based on representing physical quantities as numbers Sampling involves placing brief digital recordings of live sounds under the control of a synthesizer keyboard Instrument Digital interface (MIDI) is a standard adopted by manufacturers for interfacing synthesizer equipment Consonance is a tone combination that is stable. They are points of arrival, rest, and stop. Dissonance is a tone combination that is unstable. Its tension demands an onward motion to a stable chord Dissonance has its resolution when it moves to a consonanceThe Middle AgesThe Middle Ages spanned from 450-1450Most important musicians were priestsChurch officials required monks to sing with proper pronunciation, concentration, and tone quality Church frowned upon instruments because of their earlier exercise in pagan rites Gregorian sing is a melody set to sacred Latin texts and sung w/o accompaniment Gregorian chant is monophonic in texture, its rhythm is flexible, w/o met.er, and has little sense of beat. The melodies tended to move by step within a narrow range of pitches. apply church modes as a scale.The RenaissanceThe Renaissance spanned from 1450-1600The Renaissance mass is a polyphonic choral composition made up of the Kyrie, Gloria, Sanctus, and Agnus Dei churrigueresque fancy era spanned from 1600-1750Baroque era used violins a lot. Organ and harpsichord where the main keyboard instruments Baroque suite is a set of dance-inspired movements. It is made up of movements that are all written in the same key but differ in tempo, meter, and character. Usually in A A B B French overture is a common Baroque suite opening.Short AnswerMiddle Ages (450-1450)Renaissance (1450-1600)Baroque (1600-1750)Classical (1750-1820)Romantic (1820-1900)Contemporary (1900-now)3 Composers per extentMiddle Ages- Hildegard o f Bingen, Perotin, Francesco Landini Renaissance- Josquin Desprez, Thomas Morley, Giovanni Gabrieli Baroque- Johann Sebastian bach, George Fredric Handel, Henry Purcell Italian dynamic markingsPianissimoppvery softPiano psoftMezzo Pianompmoderately softMezzo fortemfmoderately loudFortefloudFortissimoffvery loudOrchestras contain string, woodwind, brass, and percussion instruments. symphonic bands contain brass, woodwind, and percussion instruments. Duple Meter- measure has two beatsTriple Meter- measure has 3 beatsQuadruple Meter- measure has 4 beatsGregorian chant is monophonic in texture, its rhythm is flexible, w/o met.er, and has little sense of beat. The melodies tended to move by step within a narrow range of pitches. Used church modes as a scale. Polychoral Motet- motet for two or more choirs, often including groups of instruments Brandenburg Concerto No.5 in D Major (1721), by Johann Sebastian Bach. Ritornello form, duple meter. Used a string orchestra and a group of solois ts consisting of a flute, violin, and a harpsichord. EssaysCompare and contrast two periods of music that weve learned Middle Ages and RenaissanceCompare Musicians worked in churches. The church remained an important patron of music. Vocal music was more important the instrumental music. Both had sacred music(Gregorian chant, Renaissance mass). Both used church modes as their staple fibre scale of music. The cantus firmus (Melody used as the basis of a polyphonic choral) was used in both periods. Contrast Musical activity gradually shifted to the courts in the Ren. Musicians had high statuses in the Ren. Ren music sounds fuller than MA music.Bass register was used for the first time in the Ren, expanding the pitch range to more than 4 octaves. stratagem of the printing press widened the circulation of music, and the number of composers and performers increased in the Ren. Ren music was more about men rather than God. Instruments were used more often in the Ren. Composers were no longer content to remain unknown in the Ren they wanted fame and recognition for their works.Bachs contributions to the Baroque periodBach was the mack daddy of Baroque music. His works show an astounding mastery of harmony and counterpoint, and they are used as models by music students today. With his set of six Brandenburg Concertos, Bach brought immortality to a German aristocrat, the margrave of Brandenburg. In Concerto No.5, Bach uses a string orchestra and a group of soloists consisting of a flute, violin, and harpsichord. This was the first time a harpsichord was given a solo in a concerto grosso. The harpsichords solo at the end of the first movement is spectacular. His audience marveled at this brilliant harpsichord solo within a concerto grosso, and audiences today are still blown away by it.Bach wrote fugues that were the peak among works in the form. In his collections of preludes and fugues, The Well-Tempered Clavier, Back explored with unprecedented thoroughness system s of tuning instruments that enabled a composer to write in all 24 keys, even keys with many sharps and flats. Bach also composed what is probably the most monumental setting of the Roman Catholic mass (Mass in B Minor). It was too long to be performed in a mass, so Bach was just probably being a show-off. Bach wrote about 295 church cantatas. Cantata No. 140 is his most famous.