Black Women in Sports: Sexuality and Athleticism Essay -- Expository E

B insufficiency Women in Sports Sexuality and Athleticism hands and women who chose to engage in sports from which they would traditionally be discouraged because of their gender, particularly as professionals, redefine the sport. The social and cultural costs argon not the chair of the individuals participation, but rather the way in which sports make believe been socially, politically, and economically constructed. sex is only one of the few ways in which people are categorized according to their proficiency for some athletic activities. Race and clear up are also factors which may prevent individuals from engaging in sports that have been traditionally excluded to them. Socially constructed notions of race, class, and sexuality compound the way in which the history of sports has developed. For example, black women supporters may be more accepted in indisputable sports than in others, i.e. black women in the WNBA might seem as little an anomaly for black women than for whit e women, and yet the mastery of the Williams sisters in lawn lawn tennis may seem more out of the ordinary for many Americans than the success of their white counterparts. Race, class, sex, and sexuality are the operative notions in which certain sports are less traditional for certain groups. Black women have a large history with such sports and track and field. Tuskegee Institute (later Tuskegee State University) led the race as powerhouses for the production of Olympic competitors from the fifties to the seventies. Despite the relative lack of funding received by these schools as compared to white schools in Jim triumph Alabama, their track and field programs flourished. Perhaps this is because track and field did not contain expensive equipment to train and play. While white schools... ...more free to develop their racy plans rather than their outfits before the match, but hopefully their sexuality will not be completely submerged by the game either. In an condition en titled, Absent Anna Has Sexy Impact, it was noted, Serena Williams has no problems with Kournikovas beauty bringing a tennis boost even if the subject herself cannot take a title....The majority of the quotation pretty much goes to the Williams sisters and Kournikova. Those three have really made the biggest leaving in the amount of publicity, the amount of popularity in the sport. Hopefully, there will draw a time in womens sports when all women will be acknowledge for their superior athleticism, and the unique sexuality of each individual female athlete will be appreciated for how it transforms, challenges, and redefines the social, political, and intellectual dimensions of sport.

Communicate In A Business Environment Essay

Learning turn outlet 1 Understand the purpose of planning communication1.1 rationalize wherefore different communication methods are apply in the worry milieu. trenchant communication is vital to the smooth running of a railway line and variant methods of communication are used within a business environment to achieve this. Each form has dissimilar benefits to communicate effectively to their designated bottom audience. When communication is carried out properly it connotes the sender and receiver both(prenominal) correctly obtain the same selective information. Each form of communication go forth be chosen to which is applicable to the situation for example for a matched/ team meeting will be best carried out face-to-face as it is the most effective way to make sure a point is understood properly, as it is a lot much ain and professional. Whereas if a company wants to distribute a monthly newsletter, this wouldnt desire to be as personal as a face to face, it cou ld be carried out over email. Therefore this wouldnt mean a employee would stool to take fourth dimension out of work and the messages mint be move on a large scale without taking much time to process.Read more Identify the different reasons wad communicate  taste1.2Describe the communication requirements of different audiences.Communication styles need to be set and adapted depending on the target audience and situation. This is determined by considering which mean of communication is most effective whether it be written or communicative. The various requirements that may need to be catered for include age, gender and ethnicity and special take. For example, young heap have shorts attention spans, while older spate are more patient and are able to sit for long-acting period of time. Another example is making the visual communication more accessible such as large fonts for parti on the wholey sighted people. When preparing verbal presendations people with spe cial needs should be considered, such as people who lip read, so they move be positioned appropriately in the room. flock with mobility problems such as wheelchair users may require wide aisles for easy access. If pose group activities you will be required to consider the group of people so that a special needs member understructure cooperate.1.3Explain the importance of employ correct grammar, meter structure, punctuation mark, spell and conventions in business communications.aGrammarThe aim of having correct grammar is to ensure what is written is correctly understood. A sentence that contains grammatical errors can be difficult to read and can cause misunderstandings. It is alpha to use correct grammar whether writing or sermon to communicate effectively to help people get a recrudesce understanding and to express your communication more precisely and clearly.b disapprobation structureIt is important to use correct sentence structure in business communications so your w riting has variation and isnt all the same. Using a variety of sentence types can help stresse different points and ideas. A good sentence structure allows the communication to be correctly interpreted whereas a poor sentence structure can be misinterpreted.cPunctuationIt is essential to use correct punctuation to enable the communication to be readable and easy to understand. Punctuation is used in writing to separate sentences and clarify meaning. An error in punctuation can convey an inaccurate meaning to the one intended.d reciteIt is important to use correct spelling in business communications as standardising spelling makes it a lot clearer to understand the text. Incorrect spelling can lead to confusion, mistakes being made and communications being misinterpreted. 1 misspelled phrase can change the entire meaning of a sentence giving the reader the wrong message or impression.eConventionsIt is important to use conventions in business communications to ensure the writing i s in a easier format which the reader will be comfortable with. Conventions are the spelling, punctuation, capitalization, grammar and paragraphing making writing more understandable. This enhances the readability for the audience so they can fluently read the communication without having to stop and try figure out what was actually intended. The use of proper grammar and vocabulary is appropriate in business documents, such as emails and letters, as it is important in a operative environment to form a professional respectable relationship with colleagues and customers. If displace an email or letter professionally for business use this would be in a very formal format, whereas if the email was getting sent to a friend the diction would be very informal with possibly the use of flag or text talk. The use of conventions always needs to be adjusted depending on the audience, purpose and context.1.4Explain the importance of using appropriate bole language and tone of vocalization when communicating verbally.A large part of face-to-face communication is made up of non-verbal information and is expressed by body language and tone of voice. The tone of your voice includes the volume which you speak, the type of emotion you use and the emphasis placed on the words you use. The same sentence could have various meanings depending on which word is emphasized so it is important to us the appropriate tone when placing emphasis on words to draw the listeners attention.Doing this incorrectly could drop off the wrong information and impression. Body language portray subconscious messages when communicating. Examples of body language include eye contact, facial expressions, composure and gestures. Body language is recognised instinctively, without having to be told what it means. When relaying messages a lot of the time it isnt what you aver it is how you say it and if your body language contradicts this, the message will not be clear to the audience.

Nostra Aetate Essay

1. What contemporary reasons would cause mankind to expire scalelike unitedly and to strengthen the ties between different peoples? (2) Culture, car park beliefs, sports, births, deaths, celebration, tragedy, reunions, weddings, harmony and war are all contemporary reasons that would cause mankind to affiliation closer together. Regardless of age or gender, one can hush love a sport. When Steve Jobs passed away, the world mourned. though tragic, death can catch many people together and teach them not to take everything for granted. Also, recently, the wedlock of Prince William and Kate Middleton brought together many people all across the world everyone was watching. Of course, war. Though war isnt really recent, when soldiers died for Canada, people were brought together at the time, they were safer, closer in numbers. Also, protests bring people together to fight for a common belief. In this sense, all the reasons that bring people together and strengthen the ties togethe r are because EVERONE has been affected. When something happens and EVERYONE is affected, it causes people to come closer together.2. According to the Church, what threesome things arrest people to fellowship? (3) i) One is the community of all peoples, one their declension for God made the whole humans race to lodge over the face of the earth. Basically, we are all human, and our origin is God, and we all share and live on the Earth together. ii) One also is their final goal, God. His providence, His manifestations of goodness, His saving institution to extend to all men. This means that the final goal of mankind is to glide by God through Salvation, and that He will be our Saviour. ii) Until that time when the choose will be united in the Holy City, the City ablaze with the glory of God where the nations will walk in His Light. That this glorious metropolis of God, heaven will come to the people who are good. These are the three reasons that draw people to fellowship.3. List the questions that are examined by all religions. What is the tail of the universal need to recognize a Supreme Being? (3) around common questions that are examined by all religions are What is man?

ICT Meeting Special Needs

The soul that I am going to be studying is Mr. C Aziz a man who bem usanced his eyeb some(prenominal) when he was at the age of 32, over collect(p) to an accident with a group of hooligans assaulting Mr Aziz on his expressive style home peerless evening. Now Mohammed is currently 32 social classs of age and he and his married woman live with their two sons. Mohammed Aziz is a thespian, who aspires to one day be cap fitting to play as well as his idol Stevie Wonder. The topic cecity is often stereo qualityd to the thought of sight being gone forever, nonwithstanding in some strips of Blindness thither is a chance of comprehend again, provided deplorably in Mr Azizs case, this is non a possibility. Blindness is the inability to condition boththing.Some throng atomic number 18 c onlyed trick, even though they crowd taboo gull a vaguely. This is beca give they slewnot see clearly, except foundation merely see fuzzy shapes or colours. In modern countries, few young state be blind. Blindness is mostly ca riding habitd by diseases of obsolescent people, wish cataracts and trachoma. Some sentences, though, people atomic number 18 born blind. Some people be colour blind, which core they faecal way egress see, however deposenot tell certain colours apart. When people are blind they hold such(prenominal) things as the alphabet in transliterate and guard dogs to do e rattling day things. Although again in Mohammeds case sadly he is not colour blind but in full blind. engineering science 1 transliterate Watch transliterate escortes bemuse raise dots that allow a blind someone to tell the quantify. Simply wise up the cover and feel the dots on the dial. There are disparate types of transcribe Watches like the joint one that tells you the time when you wishing it and it is in digital and normally time. In transcribe figurees you can save appointments and nibs and you can save birthdays and you can memorialise voice and in too can tell you the temperature.Advantageso Its is small and the right size to fit a contact and avers it in voice the time and dateo dish up people with appointments and serves them to not forget time and date and if they got anything informationo Tell you e genuinelything in English, 99 different languageso It is like a person that is standing next to the blind person and swear outingDisadvantageso Not waterproofo Easily breakso Somethings real distressingo Gets losto One of the bad thing near Braille Watches is that it only reminds you once and thats bad because maybe the person is unbendable a sleep and cant hear it so they impart mess the affrightHow the technology meets their person-to-person demandThe Braille settle is particularly cardinal in the lifetime of Mr Aziz as it fits directly into his passing(a) schedule. Mohammed, a ex pensive Muslim, necessitate to wake up at 6am on a day-by-day basis so he may do his daily prayers. The Braille trip up is good for this as it allows him for one to be able to genuinely dwell the time, to k immediately the right time in which he must(prenominal) pray, it also helps him as some Braille keep an eye ones also establish consternation clocks on them, this however may not be an election for Mr Aziz as, he has a very low budget, as a musician living off benefits from the governing and disability benefits he does not have much silver to be spending on luxury items, heretofore Mohammed believes that religion is a very vital aspect of his life, and must sanction all traditions so an alarm is a must (Mohammed believes that if he devotes his life to his religion therefore one day his eyes may be healed by a miracle.The Braille watch also helps Mr Aziz as it allows him to keep track of when to check his eye medication. Even though Mr Azizs eyes are now permanently archaic, he must still use his droplets to prevent any infections in his eyes that may cause him discomfort, and with the help of the Braille watch he is able to know the time at all clock and keep track with his medical schedule. Finally although Mr Aziz is sadly blind, he is still a very joyful individual person overall and likes to enjoy himself, with the help of the Braille watch, Mr Aziz he is able to watch all his favourite TV programmes on time without missing a single moment of the show.I believe that the Braille watch is an subtle technology in helping the blind or visually afflicted to keep good track of the time. With the powder compact designs that house the Braille watch, and the voice helper, with over 99 languages built in, as well as a tonne of other gadgets, including I believe that the Braille watch is the last timepiece of the 21st century when valueing of how to help the visually impaired with timekeeping.However with the Braille watch, the problem may arise that if the watch is broken, or needs rectifying in any manner then getting the watch repaired is a very tricky mat ter, foremost it may be very costly as there are not many shops that repair Braille watches, and secondly as I well(p) said there are not many put ins that sell Braille watches so finding a shop which would repair the watch would be a arduous task in itself.How the technology meets their social needsThe Braille watch is pretty hand when it comes to Mr Azizs social needs. As the Aziz family is quite lazy, Mr Aziz relies on his watch to wake up in the morning and to wake up his mate family members for both regulate and school. As was said before Mr Aziz is over a very cheery man, he does not allow his sight to establish him down in life, this is why he has many friends in his topical anaesthetic area, the element of kindness and happiness is very strong in the middle of Mr Aziz, so attracts the friendship of many of his peers.The Braille watch allows him to keep up to track with his friends on a daily basis. Another branch of Mohammeds daily routine consists of him going to o ne of his neighbours house daily to discuss topics such as football and their married lives, however Mohammed must wait until 1015 every day to attend his friends home as he must wait for the children to be sent to school and the missus to go to work, this is where the Braille watch comes in, it allows Mohammed to keep track of the right time him to beget his daily visit to his acquaintances home. Everyday Mohammed go his home town of Afghanistan to slow up on his brothers, sisters and parents and see how their lives are going.The time zones however are very different in these two regions of the realism, so Mohammed has to use his watch to know the right time, so he does not call at an awkward time when his parents are sleeping. His wife is not able to help him with this as well as she works a very tight skid to try support her family (however she does not do it very well, working as a shop assistant on minimum wage pass waters it very difficult) so she does not have the time to call Mohammed and tell him the time in Kabul, this is why the Braille watch is very vital in his social life.Moreover, everyday at lunchtime Mr Aziz goes to his local school, Wembley Manor master(a) School and recites compositions on his forte-piano for children during their lunch break, as part of a good citizenship programme he set up a year ago. The Braille watch is very important as he only plays the piano during the childrens lunch time which only lasts 1 hour, so Mr Aziz cannot be late, obviously there result be no penalty for glide slope late to this line of business, as it is all voluntary work, however the children enjoy his piano playing very much and would be terribly disappointed if he did not make a session, this is why Mr Aziz needs to hold on to his Braille watch and know the right time to get to the school.As was said before, if the watch does in fact get ruined or needs repairing, then on top of trying to find a store that restores Braille watches, he would need to get one of his friends or wife to escort him to the store, as he cannot see himself, this may make his friends if they are busy and do not have time to bind him.How the technology meets their needs in employmentMohammed Aziz is a composer and composes melodies for himself and for retail she can make a living, although at the time being he has not been selling much. Mohammed needs to be able to have certain times of the day where he dedicates it to his music, so as not neglect his music, this is where the Braille watch fits in, Mr Aziz sets it on reminder everyday at 9pm so it rings and reminds him that he needs to finish his composing, this may be done without the use of his watch, by his wife reminding him if he forgets, however his wife is not at home at all times, she sometimes goes over to her neighbours house for their earmark club, and Mr Aziz forgets also at times so using the Braille watch is the most efficient way to remind him of the tasks he needs to do.I thin k that even though the Braille watch does an adequate job in helping Mohammed keep up with his work schedule by reminding him of the time he needs salvage his compositions, there may be a better technology such as a take hold PC with Braille keys that could assist him more or less the day.This however is very pricy and probably not in Mr Azizs price range, so must be reconsidered, also if it is bought, the issue of thieves must also be thought, a take hold PC specially made for blind people is very pricey and if a thief is to take advantage of Mr Azizs disability and rob him of his handheld PC, then the financial implications should be thought closely, does Mr Aziz have enough money to substitute something so expensive, will it impact his family financially leaving them in debt? These are just some questions that would be thought of when buying something so expensive for Mr Aziz.If the watch breaks down before Mohammed is ascribable to go to work (his voluntary work) then he may not be sure of the time and miss his normal music session at Wembley Manor, upsetting the children because they did not see their favourite musician playing during their lunch hour.Technology 2Braille NotetakerThe Iris kb line offers portable and compact own(prenominal) data assistants equipped with Braille keyboards and refreshable Braille displays of 20 or 40 cells. This line is part of a range of new contemporaries Braille devices by Euro Braille. These devices incorporate a broad range of applications and are available with either a 128 MB internal storage skill 256 MB capacity. The series of four keys on both sides of the keyboard, apply for navigation, have been placed as closely as possible to the keyboard to minimise hand movements.This helps achieve a more ergonomic design aimed at minify your risk of repetitive motion injuries. Spreadsheet applications allow you to work with data and formulas in cells that are identified by line and column, Calculator applicati ons allow you to make basic calculations, File Explorer application facilitate handling files and folders in a tree structure, Calendar application pages to organise your appointments and tasks, Contacts pages to easily store and retrieve all your contact information when you need it and more.Advantageso Braille Display with 20 or 40 characterso QWERTY Keyboardo 8-Key manipulate keyboardo Lithium-ion battery for fast recharge 10 hours of autonomyo Serial port for PC connection Parallel port for Braille and black printingo VGA port to visualise iris documents on a computer monitoro RJ45 port for connection to Ethernet meshRJ11 port for connection to a telephone networko 2 USB ports (type A)Loudspeaker + Audio in (microphone) and Audio-out (headphones)o 12V supplyo It is very light 1,7 kgo Dimensions 24 cm x 20 cm x 3,8 cmo 12-volt main chargero it is like an computer with everything like USB reader/writer that is WinCE compatible (Floppy disk, memory, USB Key, etc)oDisadvantageso Costs to much = 3,382o slow writingo The charge run out quicklyo It takes bay windows of time to charge upHow the technology meets their personal needsThe Braille handbill taker meets Mohammeds personal needs adequately as it allows him to make rases and write his compositions, this is especially good as Mohammed is not able to write his compositions with a pen and paper as he is blind, so he needs an preference method which is user friendly to the visually impaired, hence the watch taker.The line of products taker is also very light which allows Mohammed to keep it in his pocket without advisement him down, or sticking out of his pockets bringing any unnecessary care for muggers or anyone with the intention to steal the note taker. Furthermore the note taker is in truth very expensive, with a price ranging over 3000 it is no way in Mohammeds budget, however if he does view one some way, perchance from the government free of charge, to help his disability, then the small si ze will matter as it does not attract unwanted attention.The Note taker also meets Mr Azizs personal needs as it has a 128mb or 258mb internal hard drive, which will allow him to store his music on. As Mohammed is a musician he has a strong passion for music, so being able to see to his music frequently will bring slap-up joy to him. The note taker will also allow Mr Aziz to keep a track of all special occasions with the use of the built in schedule that comes with most note taker, now Mr Aziz will never forget any special occasions or important dates.How the technology meets their social needsThe Braille note taker is quite good in terms of Mr Azizs personal needs. The note taker allows Mr Aziz to keep in constant contact with his friends who travel regularly, due to their jobs. The note taker allows him to do this by letting him send and receive emails. The note taker also allows Mohammed to exchange music with his friends via USB, this is a great advantage as he does not have to go out and buy the songs to see to them, he can just get them off his friends if they have the songs on their PCs.As I said before, Mohammeds friends travel a lot due to demanding jobs, sometimes they are allowed to take a guest with them to the different locations of the world that they must go, so to feel Mohammed feel better about his eyes, they take him with them as their guests. However sometimes during their travels they sometimes get lost as they are in a foreign country and do not know their way around, this is where the note taker comes in, Mohammed can go on a website such as Google maps to then find the route to their destination.If unfortunately Mr Azizs note taker was to be accidently damaged, lost or stolen, this could bring problems for not only himself but for his friends also. As Mr Aziz does not make a lot of money in his profession, he may need rely on his friends financially to monetary fund for another note taker, or for the repair to his current note taker , this may be awkward for his friends as they must help him as they are his friends, but at the same time need the money so are then in a moral dilemma, to help their blind friend, or to keep the money and use it for themselves. This could also resolve in disputes amongst the friends if some help out Mohammed and others dont, some of the friends get be angered as to why they did not help him out.How the technology meets their needs in employmentThe Braille note taker helps Mr Aziz in his profession, as it allows him to message his record manager to tell him when his new compositions are ready it also allows him to receive messages from his record manager to know times of important meetings, and times for his studio apartment recordings. The note take also helps him in his work as it allows him to write his compositions, which needs to sell and make his living, without the compositions there would be no way for his music to succeed.Again the problem arises that if he loses the note taker, or it gets stolen, then he would have a very big problem on his hands, for one it would cost a lot of money to either replace the note taker (money which he does not have) or repair, but the other great problem would be that all of his appointment times and record dates would be gone, not only that but also all of Mr Azizs compositions are protected on his note taker, so if he loses it then his songs would be lost as well, making him working as a musician obsolete as he does not have the tools for his success, his songs.Technology 3 talk Typer for WindowsComputer keyboarding and typing training software that speaks and displays lessons on screen. Includes drills, enforce, and typing games. adjustable to the students level of skill and sight impairment. Recommended ages 6 and older. Built from the ground up with blind and visually impaired students in mind, Talking Typing instructor features digitized human patois, which is used everywhere in the program. This means that wh ether youre navigating menus, changing options, managing lots of student accounts, or visiting the Help Desk, youll enjoy listening to animated Eddie read the screen.What makes TTT so special, however, is that each and every typing lesson or practice session is read aloud with clear, concise pre-recorded dialog. Put quite simply, you wont need to worry about trying to understand synthetic speech when youre culture to type with TTT. The only thing Text-To-Speech is really used for is to read your distinguish and play back text you type into Workbook, a fully-functional public lecture boy processor that ships with Talking Typing Teacher.Advantageso Built-in human speech (in the form MarvelTalk) that narrates the entire programo Complete interaction with both sound and full-colour animationso Detailed lesson curriculum designed with three levels of readingo Full support for multiple student use. This means that you can have more than one student set up with the program, and TTT will pull up each students record when he or she logs in.o Three levels of instruction that not only change the number of keys that are taught, but also how the instructions are worded and presentedo Lessons that teach and honor typing, with careful emphasis on posture and correct typing habitso Lessons consisting of spoken and displayed instructions, practice drills, and final reminderso CD-ROM Driveo Intel Pentium 400 MHz Equivalent or Highero Keyboardo Sound Cardo 96MB RAMDisadvantageso Very oldHow the technology meets their personal needsThis meets Mohammeds needs very well, as he is blind and needs to write using the Braille keyboard, it wastes a lot of time, however with the help of the talk of the town typer Mohammed is able to quickly and efficiently type things on applications such as Microsoft word, all he has to do is say the sentence and the talking typer will automatically type the sentence out for him. It also helps Mr Aziz because as he is blind, he cannot navigate the mouse around the PC to find certain applications he is looking for, however with the help of the talking typer he can quickly and easily receptive applications by saying a couple of simple words, such as open Microsoft Word and then the application will be opened.The technology is very good for Mohammed Aziz as now he may be able to use the PC without the help of others, as he does not now need to rely on others for help, it now makes Mr Aziz feel happy about himself and not so useless and at a disadvantage due to his disability (even though he is, no one wishes to feel like they are worthless).The talking typer however does have a few faults to it, firstly it is a needs the hardware to operate, a microphone. This is a disadvantage as microphones can be easily broken due to their small onionskin fatigues additionally it is much easier to be broken by a blind man as he cannot not see what he is doing. Furthermore the there are a very vast cast of applications and documents whic h exist in PCs, it is very hard for Mr Aziz to remember the names of all of these applications so that he can open them through with(predicate) voice commands, this is the finish which the technology meets his needs.How the technology meets their social needsThe talking typer is fulfils his social needs to a great extent. As Mr Aziz is quite a popular clapperclaw thanks to his cheery attitude, he has plenty of friends, and likes to regularly socialise with them. He does this by meeting up with them, speaking to them on the phone, and emailing them or talking to them through an instant messaging service such as MSN Messenger. The talking typer allows him to make quick responses through the email service by just quickly saying everything that he wishes to be in his email, whereas before he had to wait for his wife to come home and type it all out for him (as he doesnot like using the Braille keyboard, it inflicts a pure pain in his fingers keeping them in the same positions typing constantly)Mr Aziz also uses the internet to buy clothes and his shopping through websites such as www.Asda.co.uk and www.Littlewoods.co.uk. With the help of the talking typer he can quickly order the goods through voice commands.How the technology meets their needs in employmentThe Talking typer does not help Mr Aziz is his profession very much. This is because he does not need to use the PC in his profession, and even if he does he may use his note taker instead, it is much more compact and can be used at any time or place, when he is inspired for a song he can quickly note down the ideas he has for his song rather than going home, wasting time and losing his inspiration. The talking typer is however good in some ways, it allows Mr Aziz to quickly memorise his lyrics, by inputting his lyrics through the talking typer he can then make the computer resolution the lyrics and listen and memorise the words.Overall I do not think that there could be a better technology than the talkin g typer, perhaps a technology that connects directly to your mind and allows you to see computer images in your mind, would really benefit blind people, as it gives them the opportunity to actually see and use the computer efficiently, however this sort of technology has not provided been invented, but could be the hope for the future for the visually impaired.

Of Mice and Men the Relationships Essay

How does Steinbeck present the relationship between George and Lennie in this chapter? The author fanny Steinbeck presents the relationship between the two characters, George and Lennie in different ways as they are both different characters and throw away different personalities. He presents it worry a arouse and child relationship, with George universe the parent and Lennie the child. As before long as the reader is introduced to George and Lennie Steinbeck declares us t lid, They had walked in single file set ashore the path. This immediately notifies the reader of the kind of relationship between George and Lennie, it does this by stating single file. This reminds us of a game called follow the leader. It everywherely tells us that the person at the front (George) is responsible and the leader. We can withal empathise this motif on page five. When George says, I aint sure its good water.This again introduces the idea of George macrocosm the responsible, as he has to tell Lennie this and Lennie cant tell himself. It in any case shows us that George is concerned over Lennies health. This implies that George has feelings for Lennie. We again see the idea of Lennie being like a child when on page xvi he wants a story told to him again. This tells us Lennie is child like because this maculation is like a parent reading a child a bedtime story. After drinking from the pool, when they are sat on the hill Lennie imitates Georges actions he pulled his hat down a little more over his eyes the way Georges hat was. Our immediate interpretation is that Lennie looks up to George as a role model, the quote way Georges hat was suggests he acts just like him and mimics him how a son would to a father.We as well notice that Lennie tries to be clever towards George to show that he is smart fifty-fifty though he is not, he said cleverly. We can see throughout chapter one that George several times feels grungy for Lennie. the phrase lamentable bastard not only tells that there is a perceive of fellow feeling from George in the relationship, but it also discriminate of makes the reader feel sorry for Lennie, Steinbeck also implies this through stating that George looked ashamedly at the fire. I could also notice when I was reading through the first chapter that George has a sense of authority over Lennie, you gonna get that wood. This is like a parent telling a child to do his chores.On some cause though George shows a bit of hatred towards Lennie, he thinks of what he could have if Lennie wasnt around and contrasts that with George. There is also a sense of deficiency of trust in the relationship between the two men. We see this through the predicament with the work cards. It tells us that George again has to take care of Lennie, and that Lennie isnt trusted by George.Again this idea is portrayed to the reader on page seventeen, we notice that George knows that he needs a plan b as Lennie cannot be trusted so his plan b is to tell Lennie to hide in the brush until I come for you. This helps us to understand the relationship even further. George also treats Lennie like a dog in one occasion in the chapter, good boy. This is something a police chief would say to a dog to encourage them, it also tells us the sort of role in the relationship George has again. In conclusion, we see that Steinbeck uses various techniques to portray the relationship between George and Lennie. But the main method is the idea of George being like a parent to Lennie.

Evaluate the dramatic impact of the supernatural Essay

Shakespeares settlement, tells the story of the prince of Denmark, a headstrong and passionate progeny man, who is seeking revenge for the murder of his father. He achieves this but tragically loses his defecate life in the process. The consultation of Shakespeares time would have been pertly deemed Protestant, as hamlet makes reference to a belief in Purgatory, is neer clear whether or not Shakespeare follows a particular religious line, but the earshot would certainly have been familiar with the concept. The protestant beliefs differed little from those of the roman print Catholics.The only drastic changes being the Protestants acceptance of divorce, and exclusion of the belief in Purgatory I am thy fathers spirit, Doomed for a certain term to passing the night, And for the day confined to fast in fires Till the foul crimes through in my days of nature Are burnt and purged away (1. 5. 9-13) Whilst the population of the mite is a common belief in Elizabethan England, a nd order for the existence of an hereafter, he speaks of his confinement in what can be presume to purgatory or hell.Purgatory is represented as being the landed e farming in the midst of nirvana and hell in which tainted senses are purged of their crimes and sent, in a state of purity to nirvana. This belief is a uniquely Catholic one. However recently, the pontiff has stated that Purgatory is a state of mind rather than a corpo genuine place, and whilst a person is in that state of mind, repenting of their sins, they will be allowed to come to heaven upon death. This reflects upon a change in the nature of the Catholic church building as well as a laxity in the body structure of religious education.Religion in Shakespeares England was a much more prominent part of life than it is in comparison with today. The multicultural tribe we live in now was then dominated by the elect religion of the monarch. At this point the religion was Protestantism. As Elizabeth the first was on the throne. Whilst being a protestant, Elizabeth was recorded as being tolerant of Catholic beliefs. This adjustment to a protestant life would silent have left field some remnants of Catholicism in its path.Redemption and the state of the immortal soul after death was one of the main beliefs of the Catholic Church and the Protestant faith, however to less of an extent and this is reflected as it is one of the main themes in Hamlet. This manifests itself in several ways. For sample, it is Hamlets belief in the afterlife and desire to act as ultimate judge is what stays his cave in as Claudius unwittingly tries to pray in the church A baddie kills my father, and for that I his sole do this same villain send To heavenClaudius, as he appeared to be praying, would have died in a state of grace with god and gone to purgatory or heaven rather than hell, which is where Hamlet would much prefer Claudius spent eternity. This is in line with the religious beliefs of the time. indee d to the audience of the time, hell would have been a much more real and present threat than today. As attendance at church was mandatary and punishable by time in the stocks, the majority of the audience would be familiar with the concept. The heat of hell is another concept the audience would have been familiar with is the heat of hell.Shakespeare makes reference to this in act one delineation five, and it is also a point of reference in the bible And shall order them into a furnace of fire there shall be wailing and gnashing of teeth (Matthew 1342) At this point in history, the bible was first being translated from Latin into English. So religion reached the British public on mass on new levels. In Hamlet, the fires and sulphur of hell are3 referred to initially by the ghost When I to sulphrous and tormenting flames Must render up myself (1. 5. 2-3)Whether the ghost of Old Hamlet is residing in hell or Purgatory is an bribe which Shakespeare leaves open and unresolved. This le aves the Shakespearean audience with the question of whether there was a hope of redemption for Old Hamlet, and in relation themselves. The ghost uses a great deal of apocalyptic imagery, rise the dramatic impact of his words on the new and contextual audience Oh horrible, oh horrible, well-nigh horrible If thou hast nature in thee bare it not Let not the royal bed of Denmark be A throw away for luxury and damned incest (1. 5. 80-84).The relationship between Claudius and Gertrude would have been seen as incest n Shakespeares time, whilst it would be more acceptable today. This declaration is seen coming from the blab out of the ghost. To a contextual audience, this would greatly increase the sense of urgency, and condemn incest as being against god. This shows the audience of Shakespeares time was far more greatly affected by the supernatural, religion and the afterlife than today. As today, our understanding of religious teaching is far less comprehensive than this, and applie s to a far small proportion of society.Shakespeares accuracy regarding religious beliefs of the time would have had a far larger impact on the audiences of the time, as these beliefs directly think to their lives. These beliefs were taken a great deal more seriously by the majority of the country. Evidence for this is that the clergy, in the social hierarchy was second to the brilliance the church was often consulted in parliamentary matters. In contrast to today, where the church, still an influential force, is influential over far fewer people. To a modern audience, Hamlet offers an insight into the mindset of the 1600s audience.This interest in the afterlife, and the wave-particle duality between life and death occurs in more than one of his plays. Macbeth for example is fully aware of the apocalyptic consequences of murdering the king, placed there by god. Today, the prognosticate right of kings is less of an issue as we live in a country run by an elected parliament based o n a voting system involving universal suffrage. A similarity between the Shakespearean audiences knowledge and a modern audiences perception of Hamlet is the human fascination with death and the afterlife.Shakespeare clearly shows the Roman Catholic perception of death, one of the few acceptable at the time. This would have relevance to a much smaller percentage of the modern audience. Rather than stir to the darker side of a Roman Catholic belief, Hamlet tempts the inquisitive and growing, just about pagan darkness in society. The ghost of Old Hamlet is the most vivid appearance of the supernatural directly influencing the play. It is a crucial issue whether or not the ghost is the past king of Denmark.

Leadership Learning Journal Essay

As I reflect upon the readings of our text book and the lead self-assessments I use up larn a great deal some myself in regards to leading. I have a lot of leadership ingest besides there be some areas I need to crop on and improve. Im not as resilient as I thought I was because one of the outcomes of the tests was that like most stack I cope well with some type of adversity, but not others. Naturally I dont agree with that outcome because I feel I handle almost e precisething but as I dig deeper into it and keep an open mind I can good-natured of see that.According to DuBrin (2010) most of my leaders have been transformational leaders establish on the definition and the self-assessment results (p. 77). Im a participative leader, with average situational perspective, have a high quality leader-member exchange, and works well by myself but also works well with others. Another trait that I learned I need to work on is Im sole(prenominal) average when it comes to the knowled ge and skill to motivate others whereas I thought I excelled and continually motivated others.While reading the chapters we have so far and the various discussion boards I have learned that there are many ways to be an outstanding leader and that there isnt really one style that works for everyone and all of the time. As a leader you have to consider the people your leading and what their abilities are when choosing the surpass style because a style that might have worked at your run low company might not work at your next one. iodin of the biggest eye openers so far was when we had the discussion assignment on path-goal guess.I thought that there was no way that method would work. Boy was I dead wrong because when it was stated by Vandegrift & Matusitz (2011) that they conducted an analysis that use the principles of path-goal theory to a renowned music recording company, Columbia Records and that this theory was used by them and was credited to their success I knew and so that I had to stay open to any and all theorys (p. 350). I dont typically like to read other then article on sports but so far this course has been very informative and will help me in the future to hone my leadership skills.

Ethics and Strategic Plan

Week 2 individual assignment Abstract Reviews the role of moral philosophy and kindly responsibilities in develop a strategical proposal while considering stakeholder needs and agendas. Reviews the quaternity pick out responsibilities and priorities as stated by Carroll economic, legal, honorable, and discretionary responsibilities. Discusses the importance of integrating ethical and social responsibilities in a strategic curriculum. Uses Enron an example of a phoner everyplacestepping ethical boundaries and discusses appreciates that could be taken to avoid future unethical demeanour by a society. EthicsAccording to Lantos (2001) It is no news that todays tune organizations are expected to exhibit ethical behavior and moral management. However, over the past half century the bar has been steadily raised. Now, not further are firms expected to be virtuous, they are being called to practice social indebtedness or corporate citizenship(Carroll 2000, p. 187), acceptin g some accountability for societal welfare (p. 1). estimable and social responsibilities are a necessity in developing a strategic plan. There are four detect responsibilities an organization needs to establish when developing a strategic plan.These four responsibilities commixd together testament meet most needs and agendas of the stakeholders. position of Ethics and Social Responsibility in Developing a strategical Plan Should strategic decision arrivers be responsible only to the shareholders, or do they pay back broader responsibilities? (Wheelen & Hunger, 2010, p. 72). The strategic decision makers are the individuals creating the strategic plan, incorporating twain ethical and social responsibilities into the connections plan potbelly be a burden and compromises need to be taken into consideration to meet both ethical and social responsibilities while meeting stakeholders needs and agendas.Stakeholders are referred to as individuals who are affected or are affec ted by the exercise of the firms objectives Wheelen, T. , Hunger, J. (2010). Archie B. Carroll, a business management author and professor states, proposes that the managers of business organizations have four responsibilities listed in order of priority Economic responsibility to shit goods or services of value to society so the firm can repay its creditors and shareholders. Legal responsibility as defined by political science laws, the management is expected to obey. Ethical responsibility to follow generally held beliefs about behavior in a society.Discretionary responsibility are voluntary obligations a corporation assumes (Wheelen Hunger, 2010, p. 73). With these four responsibilities, a company when establishing their strategic plan, they must stop these fundamental responsibilities in a means that would satisfy the stakeholders needs and agendas. The company must consider all risks, company performance, strategies to meet performance, and social responsibility policies while creating measurable indicators to demonstrate the progress of the company when developing the strategic plan.Once the strategic plan has been developed, communication of the plan to the stakeholders is an important part of the solve. By communicating the strategic plan to the stakeholders, all affected individuals or groups will become aware of the path the company is headed. Example of Overstepping Ethical Boundaries As referenced earlier, a company has responsibilities to meet when establishing a strategic plan. Ethical responsibility is listed as the second priority a company needs to meet according to Carroll.When overstepping ethical boundaries, a company exposes stakeholders to risks that do not meet their needs. An example of an organization that has displayed this behavior and acting in the companys vex was Enron. Enron overstepped the ethical boundaries which in the end cost the stakeholders, which mainly was the employees, billions of dollars for their own ain gai n. Enron through various unethical decisions, mislead employees and investors by manipulating the accounting entries to make the company to be more profitable than the true represented dollars were.At the m of the Enron incident, there were inadequate government legal or regulatory process in place, if such processes were in place, the Enron incident could have been prevented. Preventative measure that have been established by the government have assisted in reducing the risk to the stakeholders in an organization. A financial auditing company sanction by the government is now required to audit financial reports of a company. Pension plans are no longer administered by the company, a third gear party firm is required to administer a companys pension plan to prevent overstepping ethical boundaries. ConclusionWith past scandals in the business world, companies have been establishing roles of ethics and social responsibility in developing a strategic plan while considering stakehold er needs and agendas. Carroll has identified four key responsibilities a company needs to address when developing a strategic plan. Economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary responsibilities, listed in order of priority, are represented to show how an organization can integrate social and ethical responsibilities in a strategic plan. The example provided of Enron has illustrated how a company has overstepped the ethical boundaries and causing risks to the stakeholders.Since the Enron incident, the government established processes to prevent unethical behavior as what happened with Enron to protect the stakeholders of the company. References Carroll, A. B. (2000), The four faces of corporate citizenship, in production line Ethics 00/01, Richardson, J. E. (Ed). , Dushkin/McGraw-Hill, Guilford, CT, pp. 187-191. Lantos, G. (2001, June). The Boundaries of Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility. Wheelen, T. , Hunger, J. (2010). Concepts in strategic management and business policy a chieving sustainability (12th ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection.

Applications of cryptography

Looking for the best websites in secret writing is a daunting, if not an impossible job. This is beca iness-valued function, as I started searching the Web for interesting sites on coding, I undercoat that there atomic number 18 only when so more. The task is made even out more difficult by the fact that cryptology is much(prenominal) a broad subject which encompasses some(prenominal) sub-subjects. Nevertheless, I contrive to choose trio sites. Basically, I just set two criteria for choosing a site it has to be interesting and it has to be good understand able-bodied even when the content is technical.Being a history en and theniast, my search for fascinating contents take me to a website that features cryptology in the 16th and seventeenth centuries. It cigarette be accessed via the link http//home. att. net/tleary/cryptolo. htm and is written by Thomas (Penn) Leary. One of the reasons I was drawn to this site is the conception of an author for the site. With inte rnet access and blogging cordial to almost everyone, I tend to get wary of websites whose authors are recondite for I feel that this lessens the reliability of the site and its contents, unless the site belongs to a companionship or organization whose reliability cannot be questioned.The content starts with a philosophical statement by Blaise de Vigenere, something which I found instead a endearing. Being generally a non-technical site, it avoids the use of cryptological jargon and instead uses words easily understandable by almost any reader. Ex international ampereles of the early kinds of cryptology such as the Elizabethan cryptology (uses numbers to en suppose garner) were discussed in the site. several(prenominal) paragraphs in the site are attributed to Johannes Trithemius, a German monk who is excessively considered the stolon theoretician in cryptography.Most of his schemes in addition include steganography, a tight fitting cousin to cryptography, which involves concealing the existence of the message itself. Aside from that, Trithemius contributed much to the existence of polyalphabeticity. His tableau, which he called his tabula recta, uses the normal alphabet in various positions as the cypher alphabets. Giovanni Battista della Porta, another famous early cryptographer received a highlight in the site. Likewise, the use of acrostic, a enroll which involves using the first letters of a poem in order to form a word, was overly given emphasis.Poets in the Italian Renaissance and during the Elizabethan period were account to be quite fond in using acrostic. Although quite non-technical, this website appealed to me because I can look back and trace the early days of cryptology when there were no computers and other neo crypto graphing equipment. It is fascinating to note that the state-of-the-art cryptography used nowadays evolved from relatively simple ciphers such as Trithemius tableau and acrostic. In terms of breeding presentation, the website did quite well and the information was arranged in a exempt and systematic manner.Furthermore, the author cited several works which I find commendable as most of the websites at once obtain information from other sites, books and journals without acknowledging these sources. As for the technical side, I found David Wagners (1999) discussion of the Boomerang Attack quite interesting. His write up can be accessed by this link lasecwww. epfl. ch/intranet/proceedings-iacr-98-03/papers/1636/16360156. pdf, although I believe it to begin with came from www. cs. berkeley. edu/daw/papers/ backfire-fse99. ps. As you might have noticed Im quite a stickler for the reliability of website contents.Apart from the base being quite interesting, I chose this website because it came from an academic institution, which I believe screens articles and papers before handbill it in their website. Even for non-technical readers, Wagners (1999) introduction to the concept of a boomerang fla ck is quite comprehensible. He started by describing first derivative cryptanalysis, a virile cryptanalytic technique. Because of such power, differential analysis has been used to break many published ciphers. Block cipher designers therefore ensure that their design is secured from differential attacks.Algorithm designers usually compute an upper bound p on the luck of any differential characteristic on the cipher. The designer then invokes an ofttimes repeated folk theorem stating that any successful differential attack testament require at least 1/p texts to break the cipher, thus making a conclusion that the cipher is safe from differential attacks. In order to prove this folk theorem false, Wagner (1999) exhibited an attack in this case the boomerang attack that allows an opponent to beat the 1/p bound in some cases.Lets say the best characteristic for half of the rounds of the cipher has a probability of q, a successful boomerang attack leave behind therefore need O (q- 4) chosen texts. In some cases, q-4 > 1/p, in which case the boomerang attack volition be able to beat the folk theorems bound. Basically, a boomerang attack is muted a differential-style attack but does not try to cover the firm cipher with a single pattern having a significantly spacious probability. Instead, the attacker tries to find two highly-probable patterns, though not necessarily think to each other, but when taken together can cover the wholly cipher (Standaert, Piret, Quisquater, 2003).Wagner (1999) does not only discuss boomerang attack theoretically and only through probabilities, he showed how boomerang attack can be used to break COCONUT98, a cipher that rely on decorrelation techniques for its design. The respite of COCONUT98 suggests that decorrelation design may fail to give enough security against conjure up differential attacks when caution is not taken. Therefore the use of decorrelation techniques is not a total guarantee of safety against differenti al-style attacks.Nevertheless, a decorrelation design still improves the ciphers security such that in the absence of a decorrelation module, COCONUT98 will be more vulnerable to conventional differential-style attacks. Wagner (1999) also demonstrated the use of boomerang attacks on Khufu and FEAL, and included a description of inside-out attack, a dual to boomerang attack, with the boomerang attack working from the outside, darn the inside-out attack works from the inside. In general, the site is very informative but I must admit, quite technical.One therefore does not rise it without having received a background on cryptology. Oliver Pells (nd) website, which he claims has won him a prize in a mathematics essay contest, is just as interesting. Accessed from http//www. ridex. co. uk/cryptology/_Toc439908875, it presents a very useful overview of cryptology. Slightly technical, it comes in between the first two websites. Whereas the first is definitely non-technical while Wagners ( 1999) paper is definitely technical, Pell (nd) presents technical data in the simplest way possible.In fact, among the three sites, this one definitely stands out. The website content begins with the definition of commonly-used cryptographic terms, an indication that the paper is meant to be read by a wide range of interview including non-technical ones. The history of cryptography and cryptanalysis which followed the definition is quite fascinating and seems to me, well-researched. superannuated Egyptians, Hebrews and Assyrians already developed a crude form of cryptographic systems.Later on, the Greeks invented the first flip-flop cipher but it was the Arabs who were the first to have a clear grasp on the principles of cryptography and elucidated the beginning of cryptanalysis. In the more modern times, the uses of cryptography during the First and Second World War were also discussed. What follows is a detailed discussion on cryptography starting on how cryptographic systems ar e grouped based on the mathematical operation that changes the give up text into ciphertext using the encryption let on, based on whether a wad or current cipher is produced, and based on the type of key used, whether single or two key.Substitution ciphers ciphers wherein the units of the plaintext are replaced with symbols or group of symbols, transposition ciphers rearranging of the letters of the plaintext without actually changing the letters themselves, block ciphers symmetric-key encryption algorithms that changes a fixed length block of the plaintext into the same length of cipher text, and stream ciphers also breaks plaintext into units but usually a single character are just some of the ciphers discussed in greater detail under the single key cryptography.A conundrum in cryptography the key distribution problem is also tackled. Such a problem usually occurs because both the vector and the receiver hold a copy of the key, but must also prevent others from getting access to the key. The solution to this problem, the two-key cryptography, is also discussed. Briefly, a two-key cryptography enables a user to possess two keys one public and one private with the public key used to encrypt the data to be sent, and the private key used to decrypt it.Some common applications of cryptography, such as protecting confidential company information and protecting a yell call just to name a few, are also presented. In general, the topic (Cryptography) is really well presented. At times when the topic gets a bit too technical (like algorithms), the author presents examples in order for the topic to be better understood. Such a well presented website content is quite uncommon and indeed deserves a prize. References Leary, T. (1996 July). Cryptology in the 16th and 17th Centuries.Retrieved folk 27 from http//home. att. net/tleary/cryptolo. htm Pell, O (nd). Cryptology. Retrieved September 27, 2007 from http//www. ridex. co. uk/ cryptology/_Toc439908875. S tandaert, F-X. , Pirret, G. & Quisquater, J-J. (2003). Cryptanalysis of Block Ciphers A Survey. UCL Crypto Group Technical Report Series. Retrieved September 27, 2007 from http//www. di. ens. fr/piret/publ/cg03-2. pdf Wagner, P. (1999). Boomerang Attack. Retrieved September 27, 2007 from lasecwww. epfl. ch/intranet/proceedings-iacr-98-03/papers/1636/16360156. pdf.

Margaret Floy Washburn

Margaret floy Washburn was a strong intellectual woman, the first woman to get down a Ph.D. in psychology, was born on July 25th in Harlem in New York City to parents who strongly encouraged intellectual pursuits. Washburn was notably a teacher, however she worked in many areas of psychology and it well-known for her contributions in surmisal development (including her motor theory), experimental work, animal behavior and professional service. besides publishing over 200 scientific articles and reviews, she translated Wundts Ethical Systems, 1897, and wrote two books The fauna Mind, 1908 and Movement and Mental Imagery, 1916. Between 1905 and 1938, she published sixty-eight studies from the Vassar Psychological Laboratory-an undergraduate laboratory with 117 students as joint authors. The summers of 1913-1917 she taught psychology in the summer sessions at Columbia University the spring of 1928 when, on her only sabbatical leave, she took a Mediterranean cruise and the summers of 1929 and 1932 during which she traveled to England and Copenhagen.She was cooperating editor of the Psychological Bulletin, 1909-1915 associate editor of the ledger of Animal Behavior, 1911-1917 advisory editor of the Psychological Review, 1916-1930 and associate editor of the diary of Comparative Psychology, 1921-1935. In 1921, she was president of the American Psychological Association that resembling year, she was awarded a prize of $500 by the Edison Phonograph Company for the trump research on the effects of musica study of The stirred up Effects of Instrumental Music in collaboration with a partner in the Department of Music at Vassar. In 1932, she was the U.S. delegate to the foreign Congress of Psychology in Copenhagen.

Massey Coal

Massey Coal Case A soul is chastely responsible for an injury or a wrong if 1. the person caused or helped caused it, or run shorted to prevent it when he or she could have and should have 2. the person did so knowing what he or she was doing 3. the person did so of his or her bear free will Question 1 Massey Energy follow should be held mor anyy responsible for the deaths of the 29 taprs. The U. S. Mine Safety and wellness Administration issued too much citations for the violations in the exploits Massey Energy Company owned.The phoner always ch tout ensembleenged several of the citations and corrected abounding of the significant and substantial violations to depart its total violations to fall below the level require to force its closure. This way in terms of asylum, the go with only make significant guard duty change in order for their mines non to be totally unopen but non make a major safety changes in order to follow all the guidelines of MSHA and eliminate a ll possible endangerment in the mines. Massey should be held morally responsible because of the insufficiency of effort the participation draw in to improve the safety quality in their mines.Question 2 evolve dressed Blankenship should be held morally responsible for the deaths of the 29 miners. Don wrote a memoranda stating that managers should concentrate on producing coal and non waste time responding to requests to restrict things. It was not clear what had ignited the explosion of April 5 but it was close to legitimate that is was caused by accumulations of methane and coal dust. If Don had enforced the managers to focused much on the safety of the mines and the miners so that they atomic number 18 up to MSHA safety standards kinda than only to concentrate on producing coal, the April 5 incident could well be prevented.Don Blankenship lack of mete out for the miners and prioritizing profit over safety are enough reasons for him to be held morally responsible for t he deaths of the 29 miners. Question 3 MSHA should in nearly manner be held morally responsible for the deaths of the 29 miners. First of all, the company does not operate up to the standard when it comes to protecting the lives of the miners. The agency was understaffed and its testers were overworked. Also, the workweek before the mine explosion, half of the agencys inspectors failed to attend require training courses and the agency neither kept track of their attendance nor did it bureau them.Not only that, but the company cant shut pile a mine unless the total violations of these coal mine companies are supra the level needed to force its closure. Most of the coal mine companies challenged MSHAs citations and corrected enough of the significant violations so they fall below the shut-down level. This is imperious on MSHAs side. Thy should enforce a tighter and stricter rules when it comes to violations. MSHA should not just enforce fines on the company but they should be more stern when it comes to safety violations by the company.Also, waiting until there is too much violations by the company to close the mines will endanger the lives of the miners. When people lives are on stake, MSHA sure as shooting are not up to the standard of that task. Question 4 The miners had some idea of the risks of running(a) in the Upper Big kickoff mine however that is not enough for them to be held any responsibility for their own deaths. Don Blankenship had released a memo to the managers specifically stating to ignore wasting time responding to requests to fix things. Managers then would be afraid to object to Don Blankenship requests since they could get fired.During the congressional hearing, survivors and relatives of those who had died testified. Most of the testimony states that they are afraid to go to focussing and verbalize their fears of the lack of safety in the mine. They are afraid care would look for ways to fire them. So afraid of being fired, m iners should not be held responsible for their own deaths because of the lack of freedom they have to express their feelings. Question 5 There is a huge digression amid mines without marriages kindred the Massey mines and other mines that had unions.The huge difference is the safety regulations. A union would fought for better enforcement of safety regulations to protect the miners. According to the testimony of Gary Quarles, the huge difference is when MSHA inspector comes to the mines. When an MSHA inspector comes onto a Massey mine property, the code words go out weve got a man on the property. When the word goes pit all effort is made to correct any deficiencies or direct the inspectors attention away from any deficiencies. Also when an MSHA inspector comes to a Massey mine, he/she is only accompanied by Massey people.No coal miner at the mine can point out areas of concern to the MSHA inspector. While in union mines, workers at the mine would accompany the MSHA inspectors during the inspections. Workers in any case have the near to refuse to work in unsafe conditions without fear of their theorize. Clearly, in mines without unions like Massey, the people are trying to deceive MSHA inspectors to that they would not get citations for polar violations. Seeing the huge difference in enforcing safety regulations, all mines should be forced to have a union. Question 6The average salary for all jokes in the United States is $43,000 while miners in the Upper Big Branch mine were paid $60,000. Even though a work of a miner required no more than a high teach education, the risk of their communication channel is very high, probably the highest. Wages will fail to show a level of compensation proportional to the risks of a job when markets do not register risks because the risks are not yet known. For example, the health risks involved in mining or using a certain mineral such(prenominal) as manganese may not be known until many years afterward. In this case, wages will not fully compensate for risks.Workers also might accept risks unknowingly because they do not have adequate accept to cultivation concerning those risks. Workers dont have the money or the tool to collect information needed to assess the risks of the jobs they accept. Workers might accept known risks out of desperation because they lack the mobility to enter other less risky industries or because they lack information of the alternatives available to them. Massey is only paying $17,000 more than the average of all jobs in the United States. Knowing all the risks as a miner such as exposure to methane nd all other lethal gases and also the high rate of accidents in Upper Big Branch mine due to poor safety regulations, a wage of $60,000 surely does not cover the all the risks that the miners are exposed to. Only $17,000 more on the wage of the miners than the average wage of all the jobs in the U. S. is not an good approach by the company. There is a far more safe r job even though they are lower in wages. But the $60,000 in wages is not worth it for the miners considering all the job risks Massey doesnt chronicle for. So, Massey was not handling job risk in an ethically reserve manner. Question 7Massey Energy Company did not fulfill a cluster of ethical obligations. The company violated the morality of care. An ethic of care says they we should care for those dependent on and related to us. The miners are dependent of the managers and CEO of the company to enforce tighter and stricter safety regulations, however Massey failed to do so. The company violated the ethics of contamination control. Massey was faced with the problem of disposing millions of gallons of coal slurry the mines were producing. They did not control their pollution of coal slurry into the environment, thus violating the ethics of pollution control.Massey also violated distinguishable rights. Positive rights state that duties of other agents (Massey) to provide the h older of the right (the miners) with whatsoever he or she needs to freely pursue his or her stakess. The miners interest is to have a high quality safety regulations in the mines and Massey failed to provide this interest. Massey also failed the fairness of wages and the fairness of employee working conditions. The wage they are paying to the miners are not enough to cover all the job risks the miners are exposed to in the mine. Massey also failed to provide proper working condition in the Upper Big Branch.

Main Theories of Aggression

Outline and assess the main theories of ill will Aggression is an action of hostility with deliberate intention to harm an otherwise person against his or her will. Some psychologists believe that aggression is an important aspect of our evolutionary linage and it is understood better in that context, whereas others believe that aggression is best explained in physiological terms e. g. the imbalance of hormones or neurotransmitters in the brain. There ar many definitions used to explain why humanitys/ animals become pugnacious (http//www. essortment. com/all/whatisaggress_rxeo. tm). In the social accomplishment guess (SLT) of aggression, Bandura (1962) suggested that the expression of aggression is learnt through social learning non ignoring the fact that the potential for the human aggression was biological. Bandura claimed that we learn specific aggressive demeanours for example, the form in which the aggression takes and how it is addressed to the target. Skinner, 195 3 suggested that a child learns the aggressive doings through lease reinforcement while Bandura argues that a child learns by find parting models indirectly.Moreover, the SLT substructure be used to explain other doingss such as eating disorders, personality etc. Research carried out by Phillip (1986) suggested the day-to-day homicide rate in the US almost increased in the sideline of a major boxing match this suggested that the viewers were imitating the behaviour they watched from their exercise models. This clear shows that the SLT can to a fault be used to explain the behaviour of both the children and adults. This is because aggressive behaviour is witnessed at home and at inculcate as well as through the media i. . reading books, watching goggle box and listening to a certain type of music. By observing the consequences of others actions, children learn the aggressive behaviour indirectly. This whole process is cognise as the vicarious reinforcement whereby a child learns the likely outgrowth of the aggressive behaviour and from that observation they obtain the behaviour that is considered appropriate. Not only when does a child learn the behaviour but the child also observes if the behaviour is worth repeating.In the future, the child is likely to repeat the behaviour when the expectation of a reward is greater than the expectations of being punished (Bandura, 1962). looking for at the Bobo gentlewoman studies, Bandura et al found that children who watched an aggressive model became more(prenominal) aggressive and imitated the behaviour portrayed by the model. This is clear evidence to underpin the SLT for the fact a child learnt the aggressive behaviour by observing the role model.On the other hand, the aggression was imposed towards a doll affecting the reliability of the conclusion because this was a still figure that could not use self-defence. As a ending to this, Bandura repeated the study victimization a film of woman hitting a live clown, thereof this influenced the children to also hit a live clown when given the opportunity. This can explain the cultural differences, for the fact that societies such as the US are highly violent compared to other pygmies of central Africa who manage to live in cooperative friendliness (Aronson, 1999).These findings could be explained by the differences due to social learning whereby the different societies influence the behaviour of the two cultures. However, people also defend differently in term of different situations because aggressive behaviour is rewarded in certain situations than others (i. e. Competitive sports such rugby, boxing etc. ). The appropriate behaviour is learnt for particular situations. Moreover, aggression could also be explained as a result of the loss of personal identity this could be due to the relative anonymity of being in a crowd or wearing a uniform.The Stanford Prison Experiment illustrates this effect this is whereby Zimbardo showed ho w the guards who were deindividuated by mirrored glasses and uniforms extradited precipitously towards the prisoners. The Stanford Prison Experiment is an empirical support for the deindividuated theory because it shows how the behaviour of the commonplace students changed after they had been assigned to adopt the role of guards. However, the brutality could be explained in terms of the perceived social roles because they were not shown the exact way that the material guards behaved.Psychologist Zimbardo believes that deindividuated people are likely to behave aggressively because the loss of a sense in the individual can head up to reduced self- restraint. This in turn leads to impulsive and deviant behaviour and a slight chafe over negative evaluation from others. Being anonymous in a crowd has the psychological consequence of reducing restraints and increasing behaviours that are normally inhibited. Prentice- Dunn and Rogers (1982) suggested that an increase in aggressive behaviour following deindividuation might be caused by the reduced privacy rather than public self- awareness, i. . becoming less self-aware rather than being anonymous to others. A problem for the theory is that deindividuation does not always lead to aggression, and may actually lead to pro-social behaviour. In a meta- analysis of 60 studies of deindividuation, Postmes and Spears (1998) found that deindividuation does not always lead to aggression for example, an individual part of an angry mob is likely to behave aggressively while a member of a peace ricochet is likely to become to peaceful.This clearly shows that frustration leads to aggression. Frustration determines whether aggression is powerful in that situation. Dollard et al (1939) outlined the frustration-aggression theory suggesting that frustration leads to aggression and that aggression is forced by the aggression. Therefore, aggression is the consequence of generalised physiological arousal.

Carrefour

Frances product relies on the key strengths of supplier contacts and node knowledge when developing and implementing marketing strategy. Carrefour has 108 billion in per year turnover and operates 1,530 hypermarkets, supermarkets, discount stores and convenience stores in 33 countries. Even though retailing is an intensely competitive industry, Carrefours marketers have used these global strengths to great advantage when preparing marketing plans to address various opportunities and threats in Europe, Latin the States and Asia.For example, a few months after Carrefour moved its global sourcing position to Thailand, executives became aware that local farmers were producing a surplus of fruits such as durian and mangosteens. In the past, these fruits had sold well in the 34 Thai Carrefour stores as well as in the chains outlets in Taiwan, China and Indonesia. Identifying this as a marketing opportunity, Carrefours marketing director in Thailand arranged to debase hundreds of ad ditional tonnes of local fruits and created a plan to encourage he European stores to stock the fruits as a taste of Thailand at an attractive price.Depending on the country, as much as 90-95 per cent of merchandise stocked in Carrefour stores is purchased from local suppliers. The purpose is to make the most of the opportunity by establishing mutually beneficial connections with local suppliers for the long term. When Carrefours marketers analyze the internal environment, they adjudicate the results of previous marketing plans across the entire chain and in case-by-case stores. They have grouped the customer base of 14 illion households worldwide into 60,000 customer segments for more relevant marketing attention.With deep analysis, they can target more precisely and measure the return on investment for each programme in the marketing plan. Carrefour also acts quickly when analyses point to unmatched challenges or opportunities. For example, Just a few months after opening hyp ermarkets in Moscow and Krasnodar, the retailer decided to stop expansion in Russia and dole out the new stores because difficult economic circumstances had reduced short-term harvest-tide opportunities.